Contents Chapter 1 Leading and following Language and grammar: synonyms, antonyms, adjectives, adverbs, subject-verb agreement Harlem (Langston Hughes) poem 10 Rubyfruit Jungle (Rita Mae Brown) novel excerpt 13 How to win an audience informative article 22 Model text I Have a Dream (Martin Luther King, Jr.) speech excerpt 28 Powerful protests photographs 36 Teacher Man (Frank McCourt) novel excerpt 38 Easy read You’ll Never Walk Alone (Oscar Hammerstein II) song lyrics 45 Further reading Girls Not Brides informative article 50 Talking Lead the way! oral assessment: speech 54 Chapter 3 Democracy and citizenship Language and grammar: topic terminology, modal auxiliary verbs United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights declaration 108 Nobel Lecture, December 10, 2014 (Malala Yousafzai) speech excerpt 115 No Man is an Island (John Donne) poem 122 Model text Should voting be a choice or a duty? discussion text 125 Make love, not war photograph 132 The Handmaid’s Tale (Margaret Atwood) novel excerpt 134 Easy read School shootings #NeverAgain informative article 142 Further reading The invisible target informative article 146 Chapter 2 Earth under pressure Language and grammar: countable and uncountable nouns, the quantifiers some and any War on waste informative article 62 Freaking Green (Laura F. Sanchez) novel excerpt 68 Model text Wildlife at risk informative article 74 Black Summer photograph 82 Going viral informative article 84 Earth Song (Michael Jackson) song lyrics 88 Easy read Stop illegal wildlife trade! opinion piece 94 Further reading Good news for a change letters 98
Chapter 4 Walls and bridges Language and grammar: linking words, irregular verbs Educated (Tara Westover) memoir excerpt 156 In the Sea There Are Crocodiles (Fabio Geda) biography excerpt 162 Model text The walls we build reflective essay 170 The Hate U Give (Angie Thomas) novel excerpt 176 Migrant Mother photograph 184 Refugee Blues (W. H. Auden) poem 186 Easy read Another brick in the wall short factual text 191 Further reading My Brother at the Canadian Border (Sholeh Wolpé) flash fiction 195 Chapter 5 Connecting Language and grammar: punctuation, verbs in the present continuous Netiquette advice 204 The Eyes Have It (Ruskin Bond) short story 209 Model text Simple does the trick analysis 217 Love for the game photograph 224 Technology (Gwen Pimentel) poem 226 Technology (ASB) poem 226 Easy read Breaking out personal recount 229 Further reading The Real Deal informative article 232 Talking My language learning experience oral assessment: podcast 238 Reference section Grammatikk (Grammar) 244 Språk (Language) 264 Lesestrategier (Reading strategies) 270 Teksttyper og formålet med skriving (Text types) 271 Kritisk lesing og kildekritikk (Critical literacy) 272
NEXT UP! 3 62 War on waste Planet Earth is being slowly suffocated by man-made waste. Meet three people who have taken matters into their own hands. Not only have they changed their lifestyle to be more sustainable, they inspire people to reduce their own waste. When Lauren Singer was studying Environmental Science at university, she discovered her passion for sustainability. Now, she promotes a zero-waste lifestyle. Living a zero-waste life means that you don’t send any waste to landfill. How can that be possible? Well, for one she went plastic free. She buys groceries with no packaging at a farmers’ market. Instead of buying lotion, toothpaste and deodorant, she makes the products herself. She started recycling and composting her waste, and she only buys clothes in second-hand stores. According to Singer, it’s better to make small changes instead of doing nothing at all. Her start-up suggestions are doable: use a reusable bag, buy a stainless steel or glass bottle you can refill, and change to a bamboo toothbrush. Through her blog, Singer has inspired many people to change their lifestyle. She believes that everybody can, as long as they have the desire to do so. The adventurer and environmental activist Rob Greenfield wants people to reflect on the environmental situation of today, and he wants to inspire people to make some changes in their lives. For 30 days, Greenfield lived just like the average American, but he wore every piece of trash that he produced. He called it the Trash Me campaign. The purpose was to make people see the amount of trash an average person produces. Greenfield has also dived into more than a thousand dumpsters in twenty-five states across the country to find perfectly edible food. Before he started dumpster diving, Greenfield had no clue that so much food from grocery stores was going to waste. His dumpster dives have raised awareness about food waste, not only in the United States but in other parts of the world. Before reading Look at the title. How can we wage a war on waste? Come up with at least three suggestions. Consider: What do you think is your personal responsibility when it comes to helping the environment? “I want to be remembered for the things that I did while I was on this planet and not for the trash that I left behind.” Lauren Singer to be suffocated – að vera kæfður passion – ástríða to promote – stuðla að landfill – urðunarstaður doable – framkvæmanlegt reusable – endurnýtanlegt a desire – löngun/ósk average – meðaltal an amount – magn a dumpster – ruslagámur edible – ætur to not have a clue – hafa ekki hugmynd a grocery store – matvöruverslun to go to waste – fara til spillis awareness – vitund “I want you to hit the dumpsters! Even if you don’t want to eat it or collect it for others, I still encourage you to go and see the waste for yourself.” Rob Greenfield
63 2 Earth under pressure
NEXT UP! 3 146 The invisible target Imagine for a moment that every time you watched the news, there was no one with whom you could identify, no one who represented you and your culture. How long would it take for you to feel invisible? Imagine that every time you caught the news, anything about your people was presented negatively, with bias or using stereotypes. How long would it take for you to feel inferior? Indigenous and minority peoples face this experience on a daily basis. They are stereotyped, targeted, made invisible. Wherever colonising powers settled, local populations did not stand a chance. Sovereignty, language, culture and land has been taken from indigenous cultures everywhere, and spiritual connections severed. To top it all off there is the trap of media representations and constant reminders of negative public attitudes. To illustrate, an American study of the top 100 films of 2014 showed that BAME characters were underrepresented. Precisely 73.1 per cent of characters were white, whereas the American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander representation added up to less than 1 per cent combined. The study found that these statistics had barely changed since 2007. Although underrepresented in film, indigenous people and minorities face plenty of negative portrayals in the news. The repeated use of stereotypes creates a simplified idea of aboriginal people. Whether in Australia, the US or Canada, indigenous people are portrayed as sick, drunk, uneducated, or in jail. Newsmakers focus on drug abuse, but not the communities working to solve it. They focus on crimes by but not crimes against. And in films, portrayals are of painted dancers in the desert, warriors and medicine men. Together, these depictions produce prejudice, Before reading How many TV shows can you think of that include black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) actors? Do you think that the news you see reflects people of all ethnicities in a just way? Freewrite for a few minutes. further reading bias – hlutdrægni stereotype – staðalímynd inferior – óæðri indigenous people – frumbyggjar to be targeted – verða fyrir neikvæðri athygli a colonising power – nýlenduveldi sovereignty – sjálfstjórn spiritual – andlegur an attitude – viðhorf BAME – skammstöfun fyrir black, Asian and minority ethnic (svartir, asískir og minnihlutahópar) whereas – á meðan a Pacific Islander – einstaklingur frá Kyrrahafseyjum barely – varla simplified – einfaldað aboriginal people – frumbyggjar a depiction – myndlýsing prejudice – fordómar
147 3 Democracy and citizenship misconceptions and racism in society. They also can produce a sense of worthlessness and despair among the people being stereotyped. Indigenous people must also be shown in a positive light, to encourage respect and pride and to challenge stereotypes. Now and in the future, newsmakers and the TV and film industries need to take a hard look at their reporting. Hopefully we will start to see more positive visibility in news stories, as well as more BAME actors in everyday roles. It is clear that equal representation is the best way forward for a just society. Representation of BAME characters in topgrossing fictional films (2014): 73.1 per cent white 12.5 per cent black 5.3 per cent Asian 4.9 per cent Hispanic or Latino 2.9 per cent Middle Eastern 1.2 per cent other racial or ethnic groups < 1 per cent indigenous peoples top-grossing – söluhæst a misconception – ranghugmynd worthlessness – lítils virði despair – örvænting reporting – umfjöllun visibility – sýnileiki just – réttlátur Ms Lois Risling (right) projects on a screen the former mascot used by Stanford University during the symposium on racist Native American images, stereotypes and team names.
NEXT UP! 3 148 UNDERSTANDING 40 Describe the purpose What do you think might be the purpose of this text? Describe the text type and its purpose or purposes. Use examples from the text to support your answer. 41 Create sub-headings Reread “The invisible target” one paragraph at a time. Write down a sub-heading for each paragraph. 42 Create a visual representation Study the statistical data for the 2014 study into ethnic representation in film. Create a visual representation of the statistics, for example a bar chart, a pie chart or a graphic organiser. a bar chart – súlurit The 2017 remake of Masamune Shirow’s film Ghost in the Shell stirred great controversy for the choice of Scarlett Johansson as lead actress. Critics claim that the casting of white American Johansson as the Asian womancyborg in the Japanese manga classic is just another example of Hollywood “whitewashing”. This is not the first time major Hollywood films have been accused of whitewashing. For example, Ridley Scott used an entirely white cast in his Biblical epic Exodus: Gods and Kings with Christian Bale as Moses, and Rooney Mara starred as American Indian Tiger Lily in the film Pan. Hæfniviðmið • Aflað sér upplýsinga úr texta, greint aðalatriði frá aukaatriðum og nýtt sér í verkefnavinnu.
149 3 Democracy and citizenship TALKING 43 Work with idioms With partner. Take turns explaining the meaning of these idioms to each other: to catch the news, to not stand a chance, to top it all off, to take a hard look at something 44 Identify the main message Work with a partner. Discuss the key messages of this article. Agree on one sentence to describe the main message. 45 Discuss news Work with a partner. First, discuss any positive or negative news you have seen recently about ethnic groups in your country or abroad. Then, come up with an idea for eithér: • a way to build on the positive news you’ve seen or • a positive news story to help counter negative stereotypes for that group. WRITING 46 Reflect What effects might constant negative reports about your race or culture have on the way you feel about yourself? Map out some possible effects. Use your map to write a short paragraph response. 47 Assessing sources In a short paragraph, identify the source provided in the article. Assess the source for its strengths (what increases its validity and reliability) and its weaknesses (what reduces its validity and reliability). How useful is the source in this context? Hæfniviðmið • Tekið þátt í óformlegu samtali með því að umorða og nota föst orðasambönd úr dag- legu máli. • Tekist á við margs konar aðstæður í almennum samskiptum, miðlað og tekið á móti upplýsingum. • Skrifað um skoðanir sínar, tilfinningar, reynslu og þekkingu með fjölbreyttum orðaforða. • Valið traustar heimildir og sett upplýsingar fram með ólíkum hætti eftir því sem við á hverju sinni á siðferðislega ábyrgan hátt. (Lykilhæfni)
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